![]() ![]() The first touch screen was actually invented way back in the 1960s by Eric Arthur Johnson, a radar engineer working at a government research center in the U.K. The iPhone wouldn’t be the iPhone without its iconic touch-screen technology. To demonstrate this, here’s a closer look at just three of the research breakthroughs that underpin the iPhone. Each was the result of countless researchers, universities, funders, governments and private companies layering one innovation on top of another. But there were hundreds of research breakthroughs and innovations without which the iPhone would not even be possible. The relentless drive and ingenuity of the many teams at Apple cannot be doubted. The hidden story of the iPhone is a testament to this. We will need to harness the fundamental principle underpinning all research-to stand on the shoulders of giants, with each new breakthrough building on the work of others before it. These challenges are too complex, interconnected and fast-moving to be solved by any one person, idea, organization or nation. Yet the challenges the world faces-energy crises, food shortages, climate change, overpopulation-require collaboration and cooperation from all of us, both as global citizens and nations. In educational terms, a whole generation is growing up on inspirational YouTube videos revering individualism and some troubling leadership traits (see here for the darker side of Jobs and Apple). These heroic narratives are both factually incorrect and unhelpful. Steve Jobs and his team at Apple invented the iPhone. Mark Zuckerberg pioneered the social network. Elon Musk revolutionized the electric car. ![]() ![]() Thus world has become very small.The great man theory has crept back into popular culture in recent years, repurposed for the world of entrepreneurs, tech start-ups and digital conglomerates. Today, every country has a vast network of telephone lines. In this way two persons can talk to each other on the telephone. The same process is repeated between our receiver and the mouthpiece of the telephone at the other end. The person at the other end hears dearly the voice of the speaker. This varying current produces vibrations in the diaphragm attached to the receiver which is then converted into original sound waves. This current is carried by the telephone line wire to the receiver of another telephone. And in accordance to these vibrations a varying current is produced. When we speak into the mouthpiece, a diaphragm attached to it starts vibrating. Both are enclosed in one cage and are connected by the line wire. The mouthpiece of the telephone works as a transmitter whereas the earpiece works as a receiver. He was able to demonstrate the telephonic conversation on March 10, 1876.ĭo you know how the telephone works? It has two main parts: the mouthpiece and the earpiece. It was this historic observation which led to the birth of telephone. Bell rushed to the other room and found that the iron strip vibrating between the poles of a magnet was producing electric current in the connecting wire. Watson created some vibrations on an iron strip. Bell was on the telegraphic receiver in one room, whereas his assistant was in another room. It goes back to June 2, 1875, when Alexander Graham Bell was working along with his assistant Thomas Watson on some problem related to telegraphy. The story of its invention is very interesting. Thus, the word ‘telephone’ means the device which takes the sound to faraway places. ![]() The world ‘telephone’ has been derived from the Greek words ‘tele’ meaning far and ‘phone’ meaning sound. It is being used everywhere, in business, offices, homes and factories. The telephone is a device by which we can talk to our friends and relatives living in other cities or countries even. This electrical signal can be reconverted into sound by an identical apparatus at the other end of the circuit.” The movement of the magnet induces a fluctuating electric current in the coil. Any sound causes the membrane, and hence the magnetic arm, to vibrate. The device consists of a coil of wire, a magnetic arm and a taut membrane. “Alexander Graham Bell constructed the prototype telephone (shown on left) in 1875. ![]()
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